What economic issue did Brezhnev's leadership during the Cold War face?

Brezhnev's leadership during the Cold War is closely associated with the phenomenon of economic stagnation and decline in the Soviet Union. Under his rule from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, the Soviet economy struggled with inefficiencies, lack of innovation, and a reliance on heavy industry, which led to a plateau in economic growth. This stagnation was marked by a failure to modernize the economy, resulting in a decline in productivity and living standards over time.

The centrally planned economy struggled to meet the needs and demands of its citizens, which diminished the government’s credibility and contributed to wider social discontent. Additionally, the focus on military spending and the arms race, driven by tensions in the Cold War, diverted resources away from consumer goods and economic development. This alignment of defense priorities with economic policy compounded the challenges faced by the Soviet economy during Brezhnev's tenure.

In contrast, the other options suggest scenarios that did not characterize Brezhnev’s era; such as rapid industrial development or economic rejuvenation, both of which imply significant growth and advancement that were not present. Similarly, low inflation rates do not accurately reflect the economic challenges, which included rising prices and shortages of consumer goods. Therefore, the most accurate